Community Assessment Project - 2750 Words

Community Assessment Project (Research Paper Sample) Content: Community Assessment Project Name Course Details Instructors Name Date Introduction Ethiopia is located in the horn of Africa and it covers a land area of close to one million square kilometer. It is constitutionally a federal government comprising two administrative councils and nine regional state that are further divided into 15000 kebeles (vilages) and 800 woredas (districts) (Lindtjorn Med, 2008). The economy of Ethiopia relies heavily on Agriculture which accounts for about half of it Gross Domestic Product, eighty percent of its employment and close to about sixty percent of its total export (Lindtjorn Med, 2008). It is still categorized among the poorest developing countries with an average per capita income of US $180. The total sum up of education and health expenditure of this community is sixteen and six percent of the national expenditure respectively. Man-made and natural disasters and public health emergency are quite common in most Ethiopian communities due to floods, drought, volcanic-eruptions, wet and dry mass movement and epidemic of communicab le diseases. The health care system in Ethiopia has been improved overtime from a curative approach to a more preventive approach. This improvement is in correspondence to causes of morbidities and mortality in the country because most of the mortality incidence are due to communicable diseases that can be averted through access of basic health care services (FDREM, 2005). Physical Consideration Ethiopia is one of the African countries that signed up for Libreville Declaration on Environment and Health. It has taken part in the global initiative to prevent degradation of the environment at a global and local level. The major factors that are affecting the health of the Ethiopian population in the urban setting are the hazardous chemicals and waste from the from industries and poor household and chemical management. Food contamination, indoor air pollution, disease vector and poor housing are also among the many risk factors that are affecting the health of the Ethiopian population. In urban settings like Addis Ababa, toxic waste from automobile industries and even hospitals are most common. Variability of rainfall in this country has contributed to frequent famines and food shortages (Deribew $ Alemseged, 2009). This variation has rendered the prediction of some diseases like malaria, meningococcal meningitis diarrhea and other diseases that are related to water to be imposs ible. The continuous use of dung and wood fuel in the rural areas is responsible for high level of indoor pollutions (FDREM, 2005). In the urban areas the increased industrialization and automobile traffic together with the location of the Addis Ababa between mountains on its sides is responsible for large amounts of air pollution in the city. Ethiopia has twelve major river basins that annually carry about 110 billion cubic meters of water in the highlands region towards the low lands of the neibouring countries like Kenya (Deribew Alemseged, 2009). The rivers have steep gradient and the streams are very steep with very strong current thus this affect the habitat of vectors. Other water related issues include contamination by animal and human waste, risk of infection that is associated with stagnant water that are used in irrigation schemes. Similarly the soil of the Ethiopian communities has contributed to disease transmission (FDREM, 2005). These soil has a . The food aid programs of the America that introduces genetically engineered grain crops contributes to the potential threat to the biodiversity of Eth iopian crops and its food security. An increase in the global mean temperature has brought about a conducive breeding environment vectors and consequent spread of vector-borne diseases of which malaria is the most common (FDREM, 2005). Biophysical consideration. The health status indicators of the Ethiopian community are among the lowest among 94 developing countries. The average life expectancy at of the Ethiopian population is approximately 50.9 years for male and 53 years for the female. The infant mortality rate is about seven percent live births, the mortality rate under the age of five is about twelve percent and maternal mortality ratio is the highest ranging from sixty to seventy percent. There has been a gradual decrease in child mortality since the year 1960 (Bayleygne et al, 2007). The mortality of infants and children under the age of five have declined in the past 25 years in which the most significant decrease has been observed in the past five years (Bayleygne et al, 2007). However, the mortality rate of under-five and infants is still very high such that one out of every six children dies before it attains its sixth birth day. Under five mortality reduced by 2 per 1000 live births per annum between the 1990 and 2000 (FDREM, 2 005). However, if the country is to be on a sustained trend towards child survival it requires a decrease of five per a thousand live birth each year. The under-five and infant mortality rates of children from poor quintile and children from rich quintile are sixteen and thirty one percent respectively. The rural/ urban difference in the rate of mortality is however much more pronounced. Infant mortality rate are 114.5 and 96.5 percent in rural and urban areas respectively while the under-five mortality rate are 192.5 and 148.6 in rural and urban areas respectively (FDREM, 2005).. Children who are under the age of five years experience two phases of severe illness every year avereagely. This indicate that the environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pressure of infection is very high (FDREM, 2005). The immunization performance of Ethiopia is mixed. The number of children between the ages of twelve and twenty three who have received vaccination of various disease is relatively high at 83 percent. It however largely reflect the efforts that was achieved through the polio eradication program. The performance of this community on antenatal care and delivery care including tetanus toxoid vaccination is among the worst in the developing countries. One third of women in Ethiopia and 25 percent of mothers of children who are less than three years of age body mass indices that is less than 18 hence confirming that the level of deficiency malnutrition and chronic energy is relatively high (FDREM, 2005). Psychological considerations Stigma and psychological issue is quite rampant in Ethiopia. Most of the Ethiopian community still find it difficult to reach out for help just like most of the developing nations. Recent studies have shown that most of the community members are very unwilling to accept and adhere to health advice because they fear being judged by their families, friends and others in the community (Bayleygne et al, 2007). Violence against women has had serious consequences for their physical and mental health in this community. Women or young girls who have been abused by her partner suffer from chronic health problems of various kind. In the Ethiopian community, abused women are the ones that most likely suffer from psychosomatic system, sexual dysfunction, eating problems, depression and anxiety. For most women in Ethiopia, the most common places where sexual harassment and coercion are experienced are in schools (Bayleygne et al, 2007). For instant, in the year 1991, seventy one girls were raped by their male classmate in the neighboring country Kenya (Bayleygne et al, 2007). While much of this research comes from Ethiopia, it is still not clear whether this portrays high prevalence of this incidence or simply the fact that this problem has had a greater visibility in Ethiopia than most part of the world. Harassment of girls by rude boys is in all manner a problem across all parts of the globe. In this community, twenty three percent of girls had experienced sexual harassment while attending schools and this has greatly contributed to the increased rate of sexual health problems in this region. Social cultural considerations The people of Ethiopia have incorporated culture in their varied social, political, economic administrative, moral psychological and religious conditions. The history, languages, oral tradition, food preparation, eating habits customs, ornamentations, beliefs, aesthetic values and appreciations are also component of their cultures. The ceremonies that are related to birth, death, weddings, principle of mutual co-operation concerns of the community that emanate from neighborhood , kinship and other type of relationship, inclusive of the traditional methods of social governance and the traditional practices of health care. Even though the government of Ethiopia came up with measures to promote the cultural sector, they could not come up with the proper understanding of culture. In Kebele town in Ethiopia, there is not a very clean place and there is a pungent smell from rivers and the open ditches due lack of proper drainage system (Deribew Alemseged, 2009). To provide adequate care, physicians must understand the beliefs of the Ethiopian community about medicine and health. To this community health is an equilibrium between the human body and the external environment. For instant, excess amount of sunlight is believed to cause mitch (sunstroke) that result in skin diseases, sexually transmitted diseases are attributed to urinating under a full moon. Most Ethiopians have faith in traditional healing and procedure. In young children, the extraction of lower incisor is believed to prevent diarrhea. The incision of eyelid is believed by this community to cure or prevent conjunctivitis. Circumcision is performed in almost all the men and close to ninety percent of the women. The members of this community do bloodletting for a neurological disease that include fever and syncope called moygnbagegn. ...

Plastic Pollution Essay Topics

Plastic Pollution Essay TopicsPlastic pollution essay topics are very easy to come up with. The topic is short and sweet and can be used in just about any place. People love to recycle because it seems like it's the right thing to do. However, we need to remember that too much recycling is not the way to go.We need to take responsibility for our actions and we need to take care of the earth. There are many different forms of pollution on earth and one of them is plastic. One of the ways that it harms the earth is by clogging our landfills. It also decays and degrades our land. It doesn't take long before you have a line at the landfill just because of those little packets of plastic.It doesn't take long for the plastic to break down into smaller pieces of plastic. In fact, some research shows that the longer you leave the plastic in your trash the more likely it is that the plastic will break down into even smaller pieces. Plastic pollution essay topics may include stories of people who have created plastic pollution essays, using items like their own plastic packaging.Some people have become so attached to certain plastics that they can't bear to throw them away and are now using them as decorations or as yard decoration. Another form of plastic pollution is from the plastic bottles that we use on a daily basis. They cause many types of environmental problems from local wildlife to sea creatures that eat plastic bottles.When it comes to the well being of our planet, we need to look at plastic pollution as a threat to life itself. We need to take action and think twice before we recycle. We need to think twice before we put that old gift wrapped gift bag in the trash. We need to be more responsible with our plastic bottles and water bottles.Most plastic pollution is in the form of the garbage that we create ourselves. We need to do something about it and realize that not all of it can be eliminated through recycling. It is important to make the decision to be m ore responsible when it comes to the plastic bottles that we use to drink our water from and the plastic bags that we use to carry our groceries in.Plastic is in every single form of transportation that we use. Not all of them will cause the problems that are on the surface. We need to choose a course that is going to save our planet. Instead of recycling, it may be time to start composting and find another way to transport our goods that are healthy for the environment. There are ways that you can do your part to protect the planet and recycle to an extent and we should be doing it right.We need to make the choice that our choices will impact the world and our world will be impacted by our choices in environmental issues. We need to make our choices so that we will be as good as we can be in protecting the environment. Our grandchildren may be born into a world that looks like what we can see today and it is not pretty. It is time that we take care of this planet and save it for ou r children.

Information And Communication Technologies ( Icts )

Picture showing anesthetic machine Physiological monitoring system is a vital part of telemedicine and free soft ware in the current world machines like one above makes the monitoring of the patient easy to an extent that every potential danger is clearly understood before it causes any problem to the patient. The monitoring systems like infant warmer makes alarms when temperature rises or falls, Numerous risk points contribute to alarm- and monitoring-related adverse events, including alarm fatigue, com-munication breakdowns, training issues, and equipment failures. According to Pelczarski, alarm fatigue is one of the most common contributors to alarm failures. â€Å"Staff become overwhelmed by the sheer number of alarm signals, which results in alarm desensitization and delayed response or missed alarms,† she says. For the machine to work better, it needs service periodically and staff training on operation system. 3.5.5 The Significance of Technology Applications to Nursing Care. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) used in the health sector have well-known advantages. They can promote patient-centered healthcare, improve quality of care, and educate health professionals and patients. However, implementation of ICTs is new development in technology it remains difficult and involves changes at different levels: patients, healthcare providers, and healthcare organizations. Nurses constitute the largest health provider group of the healthcare workforce. The use ofShow MoreRelatedInformation And Communications Technologies ( Ict )1576 Words   |  7 PagesGreyling, 2014). Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) education is our society’s efforts to teach its current and emerging students valuable knowledge and skills around computing and communications devices, the software that operates them, the applications that run on them and the systems that are built with them (mpict, 2008). 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It is generated and processed by health care providers, such as physicians, nurses and hospitals as they provide care to their patients. However, managing that information and using it productively poses an ongoing challenge. It is especially challenging in the complexity of the U.S. health care sector, with its many different types of providers, services and settings for careRead MoreInformation And Communications Technologies ( Icts )1508 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: To date the ICT industry could be seen as one of the top sectors in the country for graduate women employment in terms of creating high quality jobs it can enforce the strength empowering the rural women in deed. As caregivers, communicators and providers women play a major role in the society. Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) help to co-ordinate some aspects of rural women’s life in developing states. As the women education rate job participation is growing graduallyRead MoreInformation And Communications Technologies : Ict1354 Words   |  6 PagesINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNLOGY Introduction: - Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) education is basically our society’s efforts to teach its current and emerging citizens valuable knowledge and skills around computing and communications devices, software that operates them, applications that run on them and systems that are built with them.   Dimensions of ICT: - There are many important dimensions to ICT education, including: Analyze and apply appropriate academic standardsRead MoreInformation And Communication Technologies ( Ict )1771 Words   |  8 Pagesto Syed (2009) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) permeates through every business set-up. He further states that ICTs are influencing production, work and business methods and trade and consumption patterns in and between enterprises and consumers. Denni (1996) cited by Syed(2009) stress that every business must bring ICT into their business operation and take advantage of the benefits they offer. The emergence of and advances in information communications technology offers opportunitiesRead MoreInformation And Communication Technologies ( Ict ) Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In this era of technology, there is a general agreement that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been contributing to improve qualities of life, as well as economical growth as a whole. Businesses and economic sectors are relying on technological advancements that facilitate them to establish an integrated value chain. Using these advancements strategically and appropriately can also enhance productivity and improved competitiveness. Likewise, governments and globalRead MoreInformation And Communication Technologies ( Ict )1433 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Globalization and rapid improvements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have resulted in a closely integrated global labour and capital market (UNCTAD, 2004) where firms have greater access to human capital scattered around the globe† (Lewin, 2005 and Volberda, 2006). Due this the firms have started offshoring their business to different countries as an effective strategic practice so as to increase their profits. Offshoring can be done in two ways i.e by setting up a partnershipRead MoreInformation Communication Technology ( Ict )1115 Words   |  5 PagesInformation communication technology (ICT) continues to play a major role in business especially in electronic commerce or e-commerce. E-commerce is the financial business that is conducted in an electronic network and mainly the internet. Through e-commerce, consumers are allowed to make purchases from both businesses as well as other consumers where payments are made through various options. For information system to flourish there is a need to have the necessary infrastructure and the requisite

The power of love Essay Example For Students

The power of love Essay He still does not understand that she is running away from him because she does not love him. Another aspect that sets Phoebus and Daphnes story apart from the others is due to the fact that the female actually has a voice and some freedom of choice. Although it is true that Cupid caused Daphne to hate Phoebus, she was the one who made the choice to remain a virgin: Though many suitors seek her, she spurns all; she wants to roman uncurbed; she needs no man; she pays no heed to marriage, love, or husbands Allow me to enjoy. Perpetual virginity (Book I, 22) Not only does Daphne voice her claim to remain a virgin, she supports her claim with a divine example: Phoebus own sister, Diana. Since Daphne made the decision to say no, she is not totally without blame for her metamorphosis. Despite the fact that she is dehumanized when she is transformed into a laurel tree, it was still her decision. Finally, this tale can be interpreted as an example of love conquering all. Cupid defeats Phoebus by taking away his powers of shooting, prophecy, and medical healing. Using Phoebus favorite choice of weapon, the arrow, Cupid showed the superiority of an arrow of love over an arrow of violence. The oracles tell Phoebus that he has no future, but he still hopes that he read the oracle incorrectly (Book I, 22). Cupid defeats Phoebus even further by making him doubt his own power of seeing the future, a power that has never been wrong. In conclusion, although Daphne and Phoebus tale appears like the rest of the rape/lust narratives, upon closer examination it is actually quite different. Here the male protagonist actually loves instead of just lusts after the female virgin. Unlike the other stories, where either the male or the female is in control, here an outside force overrules. Neither Daphne or Phoebus dominate over the other, instead they are dominated by the power of love. As a result, Ovids first account of love illustrates that love is not just a complex, and invincible force; it is also an impartial employer, affecting both men and women. Work Cited Ovid. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Trans. Allen Mandelbaum. New York: A Harvest Book, 1993. 3-34.